广东2014年成人学位英语考试备考指导(2)

　　【例5】One main reason for war is a difference in ideology. For example, nations have engaged in struggle over the merits of communist and capitalist systems of government. They frequently aid other countries in wars in order to topple governments that do not agree with their principles.【点评】这段文章第一句为主题句，即战争的一个主要原因是意识形态的不同。然后通过For example这个最常用的例证过渡词引出了一个例子，即许多国家对共产主义与资本主义政治制度的观点不同，资本主义国家往往会支持那些旨在推翻共产主义国家的战争，反之亦然。

　比较对照法

　　比较对照法有两种方式，一种是对人物或事物采取逐点比较或对照的方法；另外一种是对人物或事物采取集中比较或对照的方法。在实际英语写作中，我们常常又可将两种方式结合在一起交叉使用，因此比较对照法有了三种形式。

　　A．先描述甲方，再描述乙方。

　　【例7】My hometown is different from what is used to be juse a few years ago. (甲方1) In the past my hometown was a small quiet place. (甲方2) The streets were for the most part narrow and winding. (甲方3) The houses were small and shabby. (乙方1) Now, there are broad strees which are lined with fine shady trees and bordered with large, imposing buildings (乙方2) Many more are still in construction, (乙方3) You can also find crowds of people here and there. (乙方4) My hometown has become noisy but active and prosperous.【点评】本段通过对照的手法阐述了主题思想: 我的家乡今天与过去相比发生了巨大的变化.首先集中表述了家乡的昔日(甲方),然后集中描述了家乡的今天(乙方). B. 甲乙双方同时描述,逐点分析。

　　【例8】Jane and Karen have many things in common. (甲乙双方) To begin with, both girls have the same background. (甲方) Jane was born and raise in the West, (乙方) and so was Karen (甲乙双方) Next, both girls are interested in the same kind of subjects in school (甲方) Jane likes French, history and English. (乙方) In the same way, Karen likes Spanish, history and English. (甲乙双方) Furrthermore both girls want to be teachers. (甲方) Jane plans to become an elementary school teahcer, (乙方) But Karen wants to be high school teacher. As you can see, the two girls are almost like twins.【点评】本段通过比较的手法同时逐点分析了JANE 和KAREN的相同之处。层次分明，思路清晰。

　　C．比较对照同时使用。

　　【例9】I have two good friends. They are quite different in character and yet have something in common. (对照) One of them is a jolly fellow and fond of company, and the other is a quiet and rather unsociable sort of shap. (对照) The jolly one likes all kinds of games. He is a clever, but be doesn‘t care much for books. The other one, however, likes being alone and loves reading. He never plays games. (比较) In spite of all these differences they are both so really kind and sympathetic, so honest and straightforward, so loyal and true. (比较) They are both fine and usnselfish fellows. I like them both.【点评】本段同时使用了比较和对照。即对照写出了两个朋友的不同点，又用比较法写出了他们的相同点。

　　【例9】 Smoking is very popular among people．Some of the smokers believe that smoking can ease their nerves hardened with socialpressure. Others are after its stimulating effects．But they sel-dom think of the effects it might have on other people's health，especially when they smoke in public places such as cinemas，waiting rooms，buses and trains。Smoking is harmful to health?It contributes a lot to lung cancer，of which many people have died in the past few years．And it isthe cause of many other diseases．In fact，not only smokersthemselves suffer from these smoking-related diseases，but alsonon-smokers who involuntarily inhale the tobacco-polluted air。

　　【点评】本段写出了一般人对吸烟的正反看法，并以吸烟有害健康的事实与之对照。

定义法

　　定义法是指扩展段落时，解释词、短语或给各种事物和概念下定义，以解释和阐明某个概念的本质特征，说明段落的中心思想，从而达到作者陈述论证或反驳某一观点的目的。

　　【例10】What then, is generation gap? Generation gap refers to the distance and contradiction between the old and the young. It‘s a common phenomenon that exists everywheere in the world and influendes both the old and they young. Generally speaking, generation gap resuls in different enderstanding and appreciation of the great and oxnstant changes of the world, different reaction to new things, and different attitudes to traditonal principles and belief.【点评】本段采用定义法，从不同角度阐释说明了主题句中的概念generation gap。段中先对这个词组进行概括性的解释，然后又表明了它的广泛存在以及导致的结果，清楚地阐明了概念，充分地表达了内涵。

　　3-4-5 归类法归类法是指按照人物、事物的不同特点，性能进行分别归类而展开段落的写作方法。在归类时要注意描写事物的不同类别。不能把类别不同的事物交错、混杂在一起。

　　【例10】 Speeding is now the most common motoring offence in Britain。Offences for speeding fall into two classes：exceeding the！imiton restricted road， exceeding on any road．A restricted road isone where the street lamps are 200 yards apart，or more。

　　【点评】本段将超速者分为两类，对两类超速者的特点分别加以描述，使段落清晰流畅。

　　【例11】There are three kinds of book owners. The first has all the standard sets and best sellers unread, untouched. (This deluded individual owns woodpush and link, not books. ) The secondhas a great many books-a few of them read through, most ofthem dipped into, but all of them as clean and shiny as the daythey were bought. (This person would probably like to makebooks his own, but is restrained by a false respect for their physical appearance. ) The third has a few books or many -everyone of them dog-eared and dilapidated, shaken and loosened bycontinual use, marked and scribbled in front to back. (This manowns books. )【点评】本段运用归类法把三种不同藏书者的形态栩栩如生地展现出来，条理非常清楚，有很强的连贯性。

　综合法

　　事实上，在具体的写作中，常常采取对上述几种方法的综合使用来展开段落，说明段落的中心思想。这种段落展开方式称为综合法。

　　【例12】Our eyes give us information all the time. But our brains decide what is important to us. For example, if you walk down a crowded steet, you will see many faces. But if you see someone you know, you will notice him emmediately.【点评】本段分别使用了例证法、比较对照法和因果法等3中方法展开段落，谈论我们眼见信息在大脑中的过滤和反射。

　　1） 图表分析型作文模版

　　【写作模版1】 ⑴The table/figure/graph/chart shows that from________to_______ . ⑵ It is self-evident that,___________.⑶ Three possible reasons contribute to___________.

　　(4)One reason is that_________; (5) another reason is that __________.(6)For instance,____________.(7)What's more___________.(8)As a result,______________.

　　(9)However, in my opinion___________ . (10 )For one thing,_________, For another, __________ . To sum up,____________________.

　　【模版要素】

　　①图表总体描述（指出年代）

　　②指出突出的数据变化

　　③具体表示急剧上升、下降或特殊现象的词或指代词代替上文内容

　　④第一原因

　　5第二原因

　　⑥举例证

　　⑦最后一个原因

　　⑧总结上文

　　⑨作者自己的观点或看法

　　⑩论点1

　　⑾论点2

　　⑿总结上文

　　College Students Spending More Time on Computers