2015年职称英语考试理工类练习题
2015年年职称英语考试理工类练习题
单项选择题
1、阅读材料，回答题：
Geology and Health
1The importance of particular metals in the human diet has been realized within the past fewdecades, and the ideathat geology might be related to health has been recognized for anumber ofelements such as iodine, zincand selenium. For example, soils with low iodine contents producecrops, and animals deficient in iodine. alack of iodine in the human diet leads to some seriousdiseases.
2The ultimate source of metals within the human body is rocks,which weather into soil, gainingor losing some of their chemical constituents. The crops we eat selectively remove from the soil theelements that they require for growth. The water we drink contains trace elements leached fromrock and soil. Thus the geology and geochemistry of the environments have effects on the chemis-try and health of plants,animals and people.
3So far there is no datato suggest that people living on metal-rich soils experience apotentialhealth hazard. The levels of metals within naturally contaminated soils are generally not highenough to cause serious health problems. Living on metal-rich soils does not represent ahealthrisk unless large quantities of soil are digested or metal-rich dust is inhaled. However, small chil-dren are particularly exposed to metal-rich topsoil in playgrounds and gardens. They are also themost likely ones to eat potentially dangerous metal-rich soil.
4Heavy metals are persistent: they do not break down to other chemicals in the environment.Industrially polluted sites usually undergo intensive clean-up and rehabilitation B．ecause heavymetals are ahealth concern once they enter the food chain. Some trace metals are alleged to causecancer and are also known to cause poisoning.
5In contrast,naturally contaminated soils have not been subject to risk assessment studies andrehabilitation measures, despite the fact that they frequently possess metal concentrations wellabove those of such polluted by humans and above environmental quality criteria.
6There is avital need to understand the potential risks and long-term health effects of living onnaturally contaminated soils. Future environmental investigations of naturally polluted soils shouldconcentrate on the potential pathways of metals into the food chain and human body. Geologist.,should be part of such studies as they can provide the essential background information on rocband soil chemistry as well as the chemical forms of heavy metal pollution.
Paragraph 1__________
A．No evidence to indicate bad effects of naturally contaminated soil
B．Potential hazards of human contaminated soils
C．Research on channels of heavy metals getting into human food chain
D．Geology and health problems
E．Rocks-the ultimate source of soil pollution
F．Long-term health effects on children
2、阅读材料，回答题：
Do bring about greater competition
About eight million school-age children are home alone after school. These are the hourswhen the number of violent crimes peaks and when youths are most likely to experiment with alco-hol, tobacco, and drugs. Many older children take care of themselves after school for an hour or twountil aparent comes home, and research suggests that some of these children are more at risk ofpoor grades and risky behaviors.
Studies have been done to find out what helps to reduce these kinds of risky behaviors amongyouths. One study of Chicago neighborhoods showed that after-school programs resulted in less vio-lence even in poor neighB．orhoods.
After-school programs can help to reduce crime and violence because they offer activities tochildren and youths during their out-of-school time. In addition to helping youths make use of af-ter-school hours, after-school programs provide teens with opportunities to develop caring relation-ships with adults. Studies have found that high-quality relationships with parents and other adults,as well as good use of time, are very important for healthy development in youth.
After-school programs can also be used for teens who hang out at friends' houses and playb．asketd．all when a parent or other responsible adult is at home. The programs can also be helpfulfor formal after-school activities, including" drop-in" programs that are provided B．y organizations.Despite the benefits of after-school programs, there are many reasons why some parents do notuse them. Programs may be too expensive, of poor quality, or hard to join. Some older children andyoung teens may refuse to attend programs that seem like they are just child care. Parents may feeluncertain about how much freedom is proper for children and youths who are beyond the tradition-al child care years. However, research supports the effectiveness of these programs in protectingmiddle school and high school youths from risk and harm.
Which of the following is abenefit of after-school programs?
A．They help to avoid crime and violence during that time.
B．They help youths do things on their own during after-school hours.
C．They help teens develop caring relationships with classmates.
D．They help to reduce risky behaviors among youths.
3、 She is ａhighly successful teacher.
A．fairly
B．rather
C．very
D．moderately
4、She moves from one exotic location to another.
A．familiar
B．similar
C．proper
D．unusual
5、 It seems highly unlikely that she will pass the exam.
A．very
B．completely
C．usually
D．mostly
6、根据以下材料回答题：
Benefited or Hurt
For the most part, it seems, workers in rich countries have little to fear from globalization, and a lot to gain. But is the same thing true for workers in poor countries? The answer is that they are even more likely than their rich country counterparts to benefit, because they have less to lose and more to gain. Orthodox economics takes an optimistic line on integration and the developing countries. Openness to foreign trade and investment should encourage capital to flow to poor economies. In the developing world, capital is scarce, so the returns on investment there should be higher than in the industrialized countries, where the best opportunities to make money by adding capital to labor have already been used up. If pool countries lower their barriers to trade and investment, the theory goes: rich foreigners wilt want to send over some of their capital.
If this inflow of resources arrives in the form of loans or portfolio investment, it will supplement domestic savings and loosen the financial constraint on additional investment by local companies. If it arrives in the form of new foreign controlled operations, FDI, so much the better: this kind of capital brings technology and skills from abroad packaged along with it, with less financial risk as well. In either case, the addition to investment
ought to push incomes up, partly by raising the demand for labor and partly by making labor more productive. This why workers in FDI receiving countries should be in an even better position to profit from integration than workers in FDI sending countries. Also, with or without inflows of foreign capital, the same static and dynamic gains from trade should apply in developing countries as in rich ones. This gain from trade logic often arouses suspicion, because the benefits seem to come from nowhere. Surely one side or the other must lose. Not so. The benefits that a rich country gets though trade do not come at the expense of its poor country trading partners, or vice versa. Recall that according to the theory, trade is a positive sum game. In all these transactions, sides exporters and importers, borrowers and lenders, shareholders and workers can gain.
According to the passage, who may be reasonably afraid of the globalization?
A．Workers in rich countries
B．Workers in poor countries
C．Both of them
D．None of them
7、 Mary said mildly that she was just curious.
A．shyly
B．gently
C．weakly
D．wildly
8、There is no risk to public health.
A．point
B．danger
C．chance
D．hope
9、根据以下材料回答题：
The Emic and Etic Approaches
Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture. For example, they must make sure they construct measures that are meaningful for each of the cultural or ethnic minority groups being studied.
In conducting research on cultural and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguish between the emic approach and the etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and important to the people in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the eric approach, the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If researchers construct a questionnaire in an emic fashion, their concern is only that
the questions are meaningful to the particular culture or ethnic group being studied. If, however, the researchers construct a questionnaire in an etic fashion, they want to include questions that reflect concepts familiar to all cultures involved.
How might the emic and etic approaches be reflected in the study of family processes? In the emic approach, the researchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White families, without regard to whether the information obtained in the study can be generalized or is appropriate for ethnic minority groups. In a subsequent study, the researchers may decide to adopt an eric approach by studying not only middle-class White families, but also lower-income White families, Black American families, Spanish American families, and Asian American families. In studying ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that
the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. If so, the emic approach would reveal a more different pattern of family interaction than would the etic approach, documenting that research with middle class White families cannot always be generalized to all
ethnic groups.
According to the first paragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclined to__________
A．be overcautious in constructing meaningful measures
B．view them from their own cultural perspective
C．guard against interference from their own culture
D．accept readily what is alien to their own culture
10、 The AIDS convention will be held in Glasgow．
A．conference
B．party
C．celebration
D．union
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